An alliance of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars

 An alliance of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars, known as the Crusades, aimed at recapturing the Holy Land, though it got success at initial stage, was reversed by subsequent Muslim generals such as Saladin, who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.

 In Europe, the Crimean Khanate was one of the strongest regional powers in Europe until the end of the 17th century.

 In the 13th and 14th centuries the Ottoman Empire conquered the Balkans, parts of Greece, Constantinople and reached as far as the gates of Vienna in 1529.

 Under the rule of Ottoman , many people in the Balkans became Muslim.



National Mosque of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur.


Completed in the year of 1984, the Abu ja mosque is the national mosque of Nigeria.


A mosque in the Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States.


New Muslim intellectuals are beginning to arise, and are increasingly separating perennial Islamic beliefs from the archaic cultural traditions. Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and the  rights of human.


 Its supporters say that there are much more ways to read Islam's sacred texts, and stress the need to leave room for "independent thought on religious matters".

 Women's issues receive a significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam because the family structure remains central to Muslim identity.

 Also of issue is the assimilation of Muslim communities and Islamophobia in host countries.

 Andrew Rippin states that while Muslims believe that Islam stands for both men and women, the social reality suggests otherwise.

Christopher Hitchens states that Islam is "dogmatic," and "the reality remains that Islam's core claim – to be unimprovable and final – is at once absurd.

 Such claims have been challenged by many Muslim scholars and writers including Fazlur Rahman Malik, Syed Ameer Ali, Ahmed Deedat, Yusuf Estes and Tariq Ramadan.


Secular powers such as Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion.

 In Turkey, the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments and headscarves were, as well as in Tunisia, banned in official buildings.

About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists whom, it is argued, viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god.

 However, Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution, often in spite of being banned.

 Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, with the help of his acolyte Muhammad Abduh, have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival.

 In Iran, revolution replaced secular regime with an Islamic state.

 In Turkey, the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade, while Islamist parties are doing their best in elections following the Arab spring.

 The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , consisting of Muslim countries, was came into being in 1969 after the burning of the Al-Aqsaa Mosque in Jerusalem.


Piety appears to be deepening worldwide,groups are sometimes well funded and are growing at the expense of traditional groups. In many places, the prevalence of the Islamic veil is growing increasingly very common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased, With religious guidance increasingly available electronically, Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges.