independent powers

 The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes these days.


 Discoveries include gathering the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions and Al-Jahiz’s proposal of the theory of natural selection.

 Rumi wrote some of the finest impressive Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America. Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust (Waqf).



The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from Berber Revolt (739/740-743). 

In 836, the capital was moved toward Samarra by Caliph Al-Mu'tasim and it was returned to Baghdad in 892.


 In 930, the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone.

 By 1055 the Seljuq Turks had an eliminated the Abbasids as a military power but eventually continued with the caliph's titular authority.

 The Mongol Empire evenually come to an end to the Abbassid dynasty, killing its last Caliph at the Battle of Baghdad in 1258.


Fall of Abbasids to end of caliphate (1258–1924)


A Mughal miniature from Padshahnama depicting the surrender of the Shia Safavid garrison of Kandahar in 1638 to the Mughal army.


Expansion continued with independent powers moving into new areas.